History 166 3rd LT Notes
- 1913: war ended, for the Americans, but it took so long
- Americans put up a civil government
- Differences between American and Spanish civil government
o Education: always headed by Americans
o Political parties introduced – but the result was a proliferation of parties
o Health and sanitation: sewers put up in Manila
o Filipino officials were given appropriate positions in government
o Civil service exam: one must pass in order to serve in the government
- System of Government
o 1st: August 1898 – a military government was put up, until 1900
o 1899 – civil government was decided, for business reasons
§ 1st Philippine commission, or the Schurmann commission, was responsible for the determination of the type of government to be put up
§ Proclamation: April 1899
· US supremacy enforced throughout Philippines
· Most ample liberty of self-government: “compadre colonialism” by the elites
o Appointing Filipinos than Americans
§ Cheaper, to be paid by the insular treasury
§ No retirement pay (only in 1912), and American officers did not anymore want to stay in the Phil.
§ Education: schools, built over the Philippines
§ Civil service due to merit
§ Infrastructure – for revenue
§ Speedy justice
§ Honest, efficient collection of taxes, but corruption still lingered
§ Resource exploitation by the Americans
§ Developments of domestic and foreign trade
- 2nd Philippine commission – Taft commission, headed by William Howard Taft
o Taft: 1st American GG (had executive and legislative powers)
o Taft as GG, while members of commission were cabinet members
o Filipinos first appointed in 1901, part of central government for the first time, but elites were those appointed
§ De Tavera
§ Benito Legarda, etc.
o Bill of Rights – freedom (but not immediately implemented due to the war)
§ Flag law – period of suppressed nationalism: display of Philippine flag prohibited
§ Brigandage act – anyone resisting would be punished by death/ life imprisonment
§ Reconcentration act – used to identify the rebels, etc.
§ Sedition law – anyone expressing anything against the American government would be punished
· “Tanikalang Ginto”
· “Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas”
· Article: “Birds of Prey”
§ Prohibition of Independence
· Only political parties allowed: Federal party, with Paterno heading, and the party wanted annexation to the US
· Party switching started here
- Philippine Commission: in cooperation with the elites, which had legislative power
o Municipal code of 1901
§ Qualifications for voters
· Male
· 23 years old
· Literate (Spanish/English)
· Either owned real property of 500 pesos or more
· Or paid annual taxes of 30 pesos or more
o Elites: Americans somehow just followed the Spanish method
o Corruption also a problem then, administrative shortcomings, inefficient
o Government would have been more efficient then if they did not Filipinize the system immediately – Taft stated once
- 1902: structural changes: Cooper Act, the first organic act issued by the US congress for the Philippines
o Creation of the Philippine Assembly
§ Peace and order in the whole Philippines
§ Census taking while there is peace and order
§ Makes sure there are Filipino commissioners to be sent to the US , for House of Representatives, being there for any issue concerning the Philippines
- 1906: Makario Sakay captured, and there was relative peace
- Americans in haste to establish a functioning government
- Political parties:
o Nacionalista party – headed by Sergio Osmeña
- Philippine commission as the upper house
- Philippine assembly as the lower house
o Pushed for salary increases
o Abolition of land taxes
o Abolition of the upper house
- Education bill: Gabaldon act, primary schools all around the Philippines
- Disagreement in the annual budget: Budget appropriation Act,
- 1913: several changes
- 1901-1913: Taft period
- 1913-1921: US
o Leaning towards giving Philippine independence
o Gave Francis Harrison (1913-1921), rapid Filipinization of government
o Filipinos as majority in Philippine commission
o Jones law of 1916: stating something concerning independence, but only vaguely; independence as soon as there is a stable government, stability
o American-style democratic government
§ Separation of powers, GG would have only executive powers with vero power
§ Legislative body would be bicameral, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives
- Harrison discouraged Americans from serving in the government, wanted to remove Americans through reorganization act, reorganized department secretaries by placing Filipinos, except DepEd
- Retirement act: civil retirement act, American civil servants must retire before July 1917 in order to acquire that pay
- Reduced salaries of US civil servants
- 1917: WWI, Americans decided to join Allied forces
o Removed priveleges: Americans could do business but outside of being civil servants
o Approximately 60% of American civil servants were taken, these portions taken by Filipinos
- Harrison was lenient
o Osmeña – speaker of the house, for a time
o Quezon – envious of Osmeña, and Quezon was a “master politician,” more politican than a hero; Senate president
o Both wanted to be in the cabinet of Harrison
§ Harrison created 2 bodies for them to be included
· Council of state – advisory (but, in reality, more than this) body between the legislative and executive bodies
· Board of control – put the governnment into business; government-owned enterprises
o PNB
o Manila railroad company
o National development company
o National coal company
- Harrison administration
o Both Osmena and Quezon were from the Nacionalista party;
o Osmena and Quezon quarelled and Quezon created issues in order to gain points
o Split
§ Democratas headed by Teodoro Sandico, created due to misunderstandings, merged with progressistas, the former Federal party
- Quezon criticizes Osmena’s seemingly autocratic leadership, but Osmena was a very quiet person
- Quezon pushed for collective rule, power separation, Partido Nationalista Consolidados
- Osmena: unipersonalistas
- Elections:
o 1. consolidados (collectivistas)
o 2. democratas (Claro M. Recto)
o 3. unipersonalistas
o Quezon: Senate president
§ Osmena as “contemporaire”
o Speaker of the house: Recto
§ Roxas; criticisms, then sudden banding: Philippine politics
- Change of Presidency: leads to an investigation of the effects of rapid Filipinization
o Wood-Forbes mission
§ Wood as former military governor; massacre of the Muslims
§ Forbes as former GG during the Taft period
o Reported after 4 weeks
§ Mismanagement of finances = corruption
· Almost all government agencies, especially government owned companies, PNB: lending loans without any collateral, to gambling lords even, elites, etc.
§ Slow administration of justice: after Harrison , justice was still slow
§ Lack of qualified teachers (or teachers in general)
§ Inadequate treatment of cultural minorities
o Recommendation: Philippines
o GG Leonard Wood (elected), under Republicans, opposite of Harrison ; vetoed more than 41 bills all in all
- Wood Administration
o Very strict, his being a military man
o Used his executive powers extensively
o Conflict with Philippine politicians: cabinet crisis
§ American detective Ray Conly in Manila police, who tried to wipe out some gambling lords, and the gambling lords try to press charges against Conly
· Kept a mistress: immorality
· Accepted bribes from politicians
§ Office of the GG hands case to the prosecuting attorney in Manila
§ Then to the directory of Civil services: same conclusion, unsubstantiated by evidence
§ Back to the GG office, then to the mayor of manila, who orders the chief of police to investigate: nothing
§ Gamblers to the Department of the Interior, the chair then was Jose P. Laurel, who passes it to the Court of First Instance wherein a trial took place: Conly acquitted, but he was not free of the suspicions
§ Conly was to be reinstated,
§ A committee: investigate whole manila police department, but nil, too.
§ Laurel and Ramon Fernandez resign when Conly was to be reinstated
§ Quezon then steps into the picture and accuses Wood of being dictatorial – resigns, Roxas, too, and some other secretaries = crisis
§ Only Osmena did not resign
o 1923: elections for a special seat in the senate;
§ Pedro Guevarra, senator, leaves senate as the resident commissioner to the US
§ Democratas set up for Sumulong
§ Quezon: vote for Sumulong = vote for Wood
§ Fernandez won
- Wood’s term: extensive use of executive powers, also of veto powers. Some are:
o Plebiscite bill
o Usual were bills against the US
o Angered Quezon, and other politicians
o Also abolished board of control. Quezon’s anger conflicts: Quezon was allegedly making money out of the board of control
o Wood focuses on the PNP
- Future GGs would be between the Harrison type and the Wood type
- Independence
o Politicians had a parliamentary struggle for independence
o Independence
§ 1919: huge delegation, with wives/families headed by Quezon; pres. Wilson then, had other problems, such as WWI, and the delegation thus had a euro trip, for others it was their first time to travel
§ 1921: headed by Osmena and Quezon, also attempted to rebutt the findings of Wood-Forbes commission: “We’re not really serious,” Quezon angers the president, and leaves home empty
§ 1923: Quezon opted not to go: “Roxas special mission” Carried accusations against GG Wood instead. How can you be serious about independence if you cannot cooperate with the present administration? US
· King’s bill: immediate, absolute independence, but unacceptable to many
· Fairfield
§ 1924: Quezon, Recto, Osmena joins him there, shortens it to 20 years, accepted the Fairfield
· Went home at different times
o Quezon was the first, and told the people that they didn’t accept the bill
o Recto was next, who told the truth
o Roxas was the last: shouted at Recto, “Liar!”
§ Vote on the bill: against the bill; US
§ 1925: Osmena alone, urged US congress to repass the Fairfield
· Bacon bill: separation of Mindanao from the rest of the Philippines Manila
· Osmena left; Quezon was left behind, tried to create another issue against the democratas: Supreme National Council
o To unite all political parties and to ask for Phil. Independence
o But democratas and nacionalistas joined anyway, since there were promised concessions
o Osmena makes rounds in the provinces during the election period “hell with Filipinos > heaven with Americans”
o Council eventually dies, yet opposition simmered
- No missions after 1926
- 1929: great depression
o Unemployment, loans with no collateral
o Agricultural and labor sectors severely affected
o Philippine goods were competing (free trade, no tariffs, no quotas)
o Resulted in several acts:
§ Payne-Aldrich act (1909 – Partial free trade) no quotas, no tariffs for US goods
§ Underwood-Simmons act (1913) – full free trade for both
o Goods Americans chose: 1. sugar 2. abaca
o Large haciendas were used for American exportation
o In the US , American farmers proposed high tariffs for Philippine goods, or that the Philippines
o Labor: no quota for American migrants; cheap labor from Philippines
§ Manila Americans were against Phil. Independence
§ Funded some Americans in US to dissuade Phil. Independence
· Manila electric Co.
· California
- Commonwealth period: concession
- Hare-Hawes Cutting Bill
o 1931: Os-Rox missions, since Quezon was too sick
§ Both close to getting independence. Quezon was jealous, and accepted the bill
§ As they returned, Quezon created another issue (pros and antis); Recto sides with Quezon
· Bill: provisions (or concessions for businessmen, rather)
o US controlled: foreign affairs and currency, had to be approved by US
o Called for the establishment of a con-con, to draft the first constitution – plebiscite – approval by US president – elections; US representatives were no longer GG, but US high commissioner, whose scope and limitations were vague
o Export taxes and tariffs (after 6th year of the commonwealth period, with a gradual increase until after grant of independence)
o Quota for Filipino migrants to100 per year
o Retention of US bases (Quezon criticizes this being tantamount to having no independence)
§ Quezon unseats Osmena and Roxas; antis won
- Last mission: 1934: Quezon headed this; Tydings McDuffie bill
o Bill: same as Hare-Hawes, except for the US
- 1935: con-con, without Osmena and Roxas
o Claro M. Recto as president of the convention and Montinola as VP – 80 delegates, just like in the US
o Unicameral, national assembly, unitary, state supremacy over the individual (CAT), ROTC
o Extensive powers for the president (veto power, in case of emergency – could declare martial law, abolish congress and suspend the writ of habeas corpus)
o Approved in the plebiscite – US
o Elections: first, commonwealth (Sept 17, 1935)
§ Presidency
· Quezon (53) and Osmena
o Enemies, but it was actually normal for quarrels to occur, they said. Means that there is opposition (Vicente Sotto, unlike the Sottos of today)
o Not immediate independence,
o Close cooperation with the US
o Grant women right of suffrage
o Economic reforms
o National defense (common to all, since the military was not under the US , and also there was WWII brewing about: Japan – Manchuria , Germany
· Aguinaldo (66) and Raymundo Melliza (80)
o Nationalist-socialist
o “humble past,” quick restoration of his republic or to continue with the present administration, supported by some veterans
o Shorten the commonwealth period to three years, immediate independence
o Decrease salary of the president by 50%
o National lottery
o National defense
o Reformation of education
o Melliza from Molo, Iloilo
· Aglipay (75) and Norberto Nabong (communist)
o Nabong part of the CCP, actually quite the opposite of Aglipay
o Republican party
o He would kill those caught cheating
o Criticized his opponents
§ Aguinaldo had no delicadeza
§ Quezon: bureaucratic octopus
o Lift the condition of the poor,
o Commonwealth period
o Beautification of the islands; the establishment of fire departments per municipality
o Campaign period:
§ Quezon-Osmena had funding, connections, spies in provinces; campaign for the most part in Manila
§ Quezon tried to fake Ilocano descent to gain votes
§ Wives also campaigned for their husbands (poor Aglipay)
o Results:
§ Quezon with 694,546
§ Osmena with 811,000, which means that Osmena would have been a contender had he run against Quezon
o National assembly: all Quezon-Osmena coalition
§ Some were:
· Ninoy Aquino
· Manuel Roxas
· Pedro Gill
o Cheating, also prevalent: dead votes, block voting (by the truckload), flying voters
o Election violence:
§ Ilocos Norte: Aglipay candidate Julio Nalundasan won against Mariano Marcos, father of Ferdinand Marcos
§ Killed by Ferdinand Marcos while he was brushing his teeth at the back of the house; Marcos was found guilty imprisoned, and took the bar in prison winning the bar, Laurel eventually acquitting him.
- 1913: First war plan (war plan Orange
o Surprise attack
o Japan
o Naval in character
o Only Luzon to be defended
o 1st naval base: Pearl harbor
o 2nd: Cavite
o Reinforcements, if ever, were to be from Pearl Harbor
- Throughout the years, there were several revisions to the war plans
- 1938: War plan Orange 3
o Instead of Luzon: only central Luzon
o No reinforcements: retreat to Bataan
o Bataan was to be defended at all costs
o If ever Bataan were to fall, unclear measures given
- 1940: Rainbow 5
o Undertaken by Douglas McArthur
o The whole of the Philippines
o Not only naval in character, but also in terrain, land forces
o No withdrawal to Bataan
- But in actuality, McArthur resorted to Orange 3 since Philippine defenses were easily shattered by the Japanese; Philippine airforce crippled in days
- Quezon took McArthur as military adviser
o Very good friend of Quezon (Quezon is the godfather of McArthur’s children)
o Demanded a huge salary and allowance (100,000 and 75,000/ per month)
o Manila hotel (“McArthur suite,” Quezon made McArthur one of the major stockholders of the Manila hotel, so that he would not have to pay)
- McArthur’s prediction of the start of the war: April 1942 (but actually in 12/1941), but most branches of the military did not go well due to lack of communication, language problems, budget, etc.
o In charge of the USAFFE (armed forces of the far east)
o Citizen army
o Regular troops – 10,000
o Reserves – 400,000
o Navy
o Air force
- Another problem: economic development
o Free trade (lack of other important crops, since certain crops were prioritized in planting)
o Only one sector benefits
o Dependence on US market alone
o 1940: US
§ Instead of imposing export taxes, quotas would be the replacement
o Alien control of domestic economy
§ Chinese – dominated retail industry/trade
§ Japanese – in Davao
§ 1900 – helped make the road to Baguio
· Some remained, invested in truck farming
· Found fertile soil in Davao
· Bought some American land (Abaca used for ropes in battleships)
· Tourists – wood carvings
· Mining – cordillera area
· Fishing – deep-sea fishing (vessels would sail around the islands (secret reconnaisance)
· Manufacturing – beer, candy, bottled goods
· Real estate – residential lots, etc.
o Intelligence work mainly, routes, etc.
o Palawan: “Sea routes to the Philippines
o Phil. Congress passed the Anti-Dummy law: punishment for those employing dummies
o Immigration law: 500 yearly
o KENA: key to economic nationalism
o Mt. Apo
o Japanese would have radio shows like “Land of the Cherry Blossoms,” renouncing western influence, preservation of Asian heritage, this happening even before the war started.
- Other problems: peasant uprisings (even during the commonwealth), land distribution
o Problem of shared tenancy
o SAKDAL: Benigno Ramos, from Bulacan, fiery orator despite only completing high school
o Quezon took Ramos as his office when Ramos caught his attention when Quezon was visiting Bulacan
§ Eventually quarelled when Ramos rallied against an American high school professor who gave a derogatory remark. Quezon wanted Ramos to quiet down. Eventually, they parted ways/
o SAKDAL was a newspaper, political party, group of peasants, like a minority opposition party
o Ramos teamed up with Artemio Ricarte (Ramos went to Japan
§ Accussed Quezon government corrupt
§ Aimed for complete and total independence for the Americans
§ Better life for the peasants
§ While Ramos was in Japan
· In Cabuyao, Laguna – a certain Salud held an uprising which led held for several weeks
· Quezon convinced Ramos to come back to the Phil.
· SAKDAL – GANAP
· COLORUMS – another group
o To solve uprisings, Quezon government implements Social Justice Program
§ Justice for the common man, tenants
§ 1 peso minimum wage, which became 1.25 pesos after a year (provision?)
§ 8 hours working time
§ Against child labor
§ Court of Industrial relation, which settled disputes between landlords and farmers
§ Agrarian reform: (unsuccessful due to red tape)
· Not enough for budget to buy land from landlords
- Education: National Language
o DepEd headed by a Filipino (Sergio Osmena)
o Problem: illiteracy, adult education, schools, curriculum education, adoption of education to the Filipino culture
o After: 48% of illiteracy solved, but still had to be continued
o National language: Tagalog (dealt with opposition from other provinces)
- Another problem: Quezon himself
o Autocratic
o Party-less democracy
o Amendments to the 1935 constitution
§ 6 yrs to 2 four-year terms (failed, since Quezon died)
§ Unicameral – bicameral
§ Creation of the COMELEC
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